Loading
  • 聯準會5月7日決議維持利率區間於4.25%至4.5%,QT政策持續執行,鮑威爾認為當前立場有助應對變局
  • 鮑威爾表示短期通膨預期上升與關稅有關,若影響持續,恐導致經濟放緩與物價上漲雙重壓力
  • 聯準會持續檢討貨幣政策框架,預計夏末公布成果,聚焦通膨動態與政策策略調整

美國聯準會(Fed)5月7日決策會議,維持其主要政策利率區間不變,符合市場普遍預期。根據聯準會官網於2025年5月7日發布的聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)聲明與隨後的政策執行說明,聯準會決策官員一致投票決定,將聯邦基金利率(federal funds rate)目標區間維持在4.25%至4.5%。這項決定將於2025年5月8日生效。

聯準會本次會議同時決定,維持支付給存款機構的準備金餘額利率(interest rate paid on reserve balances)於4.4%,此決議也獲得聯邦準備理事會(Board of Governors)一致通過,並自2025年5月8日起生效。此外,理事會亦一致核准將主要信貸利率(primary credit rate)設定在現有的4.5%水準。

在對當前經濟情勢的評估上,聯準會指出,儘管淨出口數據有所波動,但近期指標顯示美國經濟活動持續以穩健步伐擴張。勞動市場方面,失業率近幾個月來已穩定在低位,勞動市場條件依舊穩固。然而,聯準會也坦言,通膨仍處於偏高水準(somewhat elevated)。

展望未來,聯準會強調其雙重使命為追求最大就業與長期通膨率維持在2%。會議聲明中特別提到,經濟前景的不確定性已進一步升高,委員會認為達成最大就業與實現2%通膨目標的風險均有所上升。

關於未來的貨幣政策路徑,FOMC表示,在考慮未來對聯邦資金利率目標區間進行額外調整的時機與幅度時,將會仔細評估incoming data(新進數據)、evolving outlook(經濟前景演變)以及balance of risks(風險平衡)。委員會將持續監控incoming information(新進資訊)對經濟前景的影響,並準備好在風險出現可能阻礙目標實現時,適時調整貨幣政策立場。這些評估將廣泛考量各種資訊,包括勞動市場條件、通膨壓力與通膨預期,以及金融與國際發展等數據。

除了利率決策,聯準會也重申將繼續縮減其持有的公債(Treasury securities)、機構債(agency debt)以及機構抵押貸款證券(agency mortgage-backed securities, MBS)。這代表聯準會將持續執行其「量化緊縮」(Quantitative Tightening, QT)政策。根據政策執行說明,FOMC指導紐約聯邦準備銀行的公開市場操作室(Open Market Desk),將每月到期的公債本金償還中,超過50億美元上限的部分進行再投資;對於不足此上限的部分,將贖回公債息票證券(coupon securities)與國庫券(bills)。此外,對於每月收到的機構債與機構MBS本金償還中,超過350億美元上限的部分,將再投資於公債,以大致匹配未償還公債的到期結構。營運上若有需要,允許再投資金額有小幅偏差,與3月19日的決議相同,自2025年4月1日起實施。

為配合利率目標區間的維持,聯準會也將持續進行附買回(repurchase agreement)與附賣回(reverse repurchase agreement)操作。其中,常設隔夜附買回操作的最低出價利率為4.5%,每日總操作上限為5,000億美元。而常設隔夜附賣回操作的提供利率為4.25%,每個交易對手的每日上限為1,600億美元。

本次貨幣政策行動的投票委員包括主席Jerome H. Powell、副主席John C. Williams等所有具投票權的委員,投票結果為一致通過。這項決定反映了聯準會在當前經濟環境下,選擇維持現有政策立場,並持續關注未來的經濟數據與風險演變。

美國聯邦準備理事會(Fed)主席鮑威爾(Jerome Powell)於美東時間2025年5月7日的記者會上表示,儘管不確定性升高,但美國經濟仍處於穩固狀態。為了實現充分就業和物價穩定的雙重使命,聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)在本次會議中,決議維持聯邦資金利率目標區間不變,並繼續縮減資產負債表規模。鮑威爾指出,在可預見的經濟發展下,目前的貨幣政策立場有助於聯準會及時做出反應。

經濟情勢概況:成長放緩,但民間需求穩健

關於最新的經濟數據,鮑威爾提到,繼去年全年經濟成長率達2.5%後,今年第一季的國內生產毛額(GDP)據報出現小幅下滑。鮑威爾解釋,這主要反映淨出口的劇烈波動,可能導因於企業為了趕在潛在關稅生效前提前進口商品,這種非尋常的波動使得第一季的GDP衡量變得複雜。

不過,排除淨出口、存貨投資和政府支出後的「民間國內最終需求」(PDFP),第一季的成長率仍維持在穩健的3%,與去年步調一致。在PDFP細項中,消費者支出的成長有所趨緩,但設備及無形資產投資則從去年第四季的疲軟中反彈。

勞動市場維持穩固 薪資成長溫和

在勞動市場方面,情勢依舊穩固。鮑威爾表示,過去三個月的非農新增就業人數平均為每月15.5萬人。失業率維持在低點4.2%,過去一年來一直維持在一個狹窄區間內。儘管薪資成長持續溫和,但仍快於通膨速度。鮑威爾強調,從一系列廣泛指標來看,勞動市場條件大致處於平衡狀態,並與充分就業一致,勞動市場並非顯著的通膨壓力來源。

通膨高於目標 關稅成短期預期上升主因

鮑威爾坦承,通膨已從2022年中的高點顯著回落,但仍略高於聯準會2%的長期目標。截至三月為止的過去十二個月,整體個人消費支出(PCE)物價指數上漲2.3%;若排除波動較大的食品與能源項目,核心PCE物價指數則上漲2.6%。

值得注意的是,短期通膨預期有所上升,這反映在市場和調查的數據中。鮑威爾提到,包括消費者、企業和專業預測者在內的調查受訪者,普遍將關稅視為短期預期上升的主要驅動因素。然而,對於未來一年之後的長期通膨預期,大多數指標仍與2%的目標一致。

新政府政策影響不確定性高 關稅風險升高

鮑威爾特別指出,新政府正在實施貿易、移民、財政政策及監管等四個領域的重大政策變革。他強調,迄今為止宣布的關稅調升幅度明顯大於預期。然而,這些政策仍在演變中,對經濟的影響仍高度不確定。聯準會將持續根據新的數據、經濟前景及風險平衡,來判斷適當的貨幣政策立場。

關稅可能引發停滯性通膨風險

鮑威爾明確示警,如果已宣布的大幅關稅調升得以持續,很可能導致通膨上升、經濟成長放緩以及失業率增加。他解釋,關稅對通膨的影響可能是短暫的,僅反映一次性的物價水準變化。但他也提到,通膨效應也可能更為持久。能否避免這種情況,將取決於關稅影響的規模、完全傳導至物價所需的時間,以及最終能否讓長期通膨預期穩固錨定。

聯準會的首要任務是確保長期通膨預期穩固錨定,並防止一次性的物價上漲演變成持續性的通膨問題。鮑威爾強調,在履行這項職責時,聯準會將平衡充分就業和物價穩定的雙重使命,深知若無物價穩定,便無法實現長期穩健的勞動市場條件。

鮑威爾坦言,聯準會可能面臨雙重使命目標陷入兩難的挑戰性情境。若真如此,他們將考量經濟距離每個目標有多遠,以及預期彌合這些差距所需的時間範圍可能不同。不過,他認為,目前聯準會處於有利位置,可以等待更明確的經濟訊號出現後,再考慮調整政策立場。

持續進行貨幣政策框架檢

此外,鮑威爾提到,FOMC在本次會議中也持續進行為期五年的貨幣政策框架檢討討論。檢討重點聚焦於通膨動態及其對貨幣政策策略的影響。此一檢討過程包含廣泛的對外交流和公開活動,例如全美各地的「聯準會傾聽」(Fed Listens)系列活動,以及下週即將舉行的研究會議。鮑威爾表示,在此過程中,聯準會對新想法和批判性回饋持開放態度,並將吸收過去五年來的經驗教訓來決定其研究結果。框架檢討預計在夏末結束。

鮑威爾最後重申,聯準會被賦予充分就業和物價穩定的兩大政策目標,並將致力於支持充分就業、將通膨持續帶回2%目標,並讓長期通膨預期穩固錨定。他強調,聯準會的行動影響著全美各地的社區、家庭和企業,所做的一切都是為了服務其公共使命,並將竭盡所能達成目標。

Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement (May 07, 2025)

Although swings in net exports have affected the data, recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace. The unemployment rate has stabilized at a low level in recent months, and labor market conditions remain solid. Inflation remains somewhat elevated.

The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. Uncertainty about the economic outlook has increased further. The Committee is attentive to the risks to both sides of its dual mandate and judges that the risks of higher unemployment and higher inflation have risen.

In support of its goals, the Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 4-1/4 to 4-1/2 percent. In considering the extent and timing of additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. The Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage‑backed securities. The Committee is strongly committed to supporting maximum employment and returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.

In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee's goals. The Committee's assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.

Voting for the monetary policy action were Jerome H. Powell, Chair; John C. Williams, Vice Chair; Michael S. Barr; Michelle W. Bowman; Susan M. Collins; Lisa D. Cook; Austan D. Goolsbee; Philip N. Jefferson; Neel Kashkari; Adriana D. Kugler; Alberto G. Musalem; and Christopher J. Waller. Neel Kashkari voted as an alternate member at this meeting.

Implementation Note issued May 7, 2025 (May 07, 2025)

The Federal Reserve has made the following decisions to implement the monetary policy stance announced by the Federal Open Market Committee in its statement on May 7, 2025:

  • The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System voted unanimously to maintain the interest rate paid on reserve balances at 4.4 percent, effective May 8, 2025.
  • As part of its policy decision, the Federal Open Market Committee voted to direct the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, until instructed otherwise, to execute transactions in the System Open Market Account in accordance with the following domestic policy directive:

"Effective May 8, 2025, the Federal Open Market Committee directs the Desk to:

  • Undertake open market operations as necessary to maintain the federal funds rate in a target range of 4-1/4 to 4‑1/2 percent.
  • Conduct standing overnight repurchase agreement operations with a minimum bid rate of 4.5 percent and with an aggregate operation limit of $500 billion.
  • Conduct standing overnight reverse repurchase agreement operations at an offering rate of 4.25 percent and with a per‑counterparty limit of $160 billion per day.
  • Roll over at auction the amount of principal payments from the Federal Reserve's holdings of Treasury securities maturing in each calendar month that exceeds a cap of $5 billion per month. Redeem Treasury coupon securities up to this monthly cap and Treasury bills to the extent that coupon principal payments are less than the monthly cap.
  • Reinvest the amount of principal payments from the Federal Reserve's holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage‑backed securities (MBS) received in each calendar month that exceeds a cap of $35 billion per month into Treasury securities to roughly match the maturity composition of Treasury securities outstanding.
  • Allow modest deviations from stated amounts for reinvestments, if needed for operational reasons."
  • In a related action, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System voted unanimously to approve the establishment of the primary credit rate at the existing level of 4.5 percent.

This information will be updated as appropriate to reflect decisions of the Federal Open Market Committee or the Board of Governors regarding details of the Federal Reserve's operational tools and approach used to implement monetary policy.

資料來源: 美國聯準會