USTR揭示全球十大不公平貿易行為，聚焦中國與墨西哥補貼與環保問題

美國貿易代表署(USTR)4月22日列出全球10大不公平貿易行為，中國、墨西哥等國入列，環保法規鬆散、非法捕撈、補貼成主因。

以下為這10大不公平貿易行為的詳細內容：

1/10：巴西因環保法規薄弱及執法鬆散，導致2021年森林砍伐量創下15年新高，讓巴西牧場主在農業生產上取得不公平優勢。2024年，美國對巴西的農業貿易逆差達到70億美元。巴西是美國在黃豆、玉米、牛肉、家禽等農產品上的主要競爭對手。

2/10：中國擁有全球最大漁船隊，約56.4萬艘，占全球漁獲量的15%。中國每年提供約60億美元的補貼，給予漁業不公平優勢，且遠洋漁船經常非法進入他國海域作業，並嚴重侵犯國際公認的勞工權益。美國漁民無法與中國這類破壞性的捕魚行為競爭，全球市場充斥著非法、低價的魚類產品。

3/10：非法、未報告及未管制(IUU)漁業，造成魚類資源枯竭，扭曲海鮮市場價格，損害美國漁民生計，且與跨國犯罪、毒品與人口販運、強迫勞動有關。全球因IUU漁業每年損失高達數百億美元，美國產業承受了其中重大損失。

4/10：墨西哥未能有效遏止在美國專屬經濟區的非法捕魚行為。IUU漁業導致守法的美國漁民與海鮮業者被迫面對低價競爭。打擊IUU漁業是美國總統(@POTUS)保護美國漁民與消費者的首要任務之一。

5/10：全球有害漁業補貼估計每年高達220億至530億美元。儘管WTO試圖規範這類補貼，但《漁業補貼協定》自談判完成近三年後仍未生效，目前仍缺15個會員國批准。WTO會員持續在協商中爭取例外與豁免，削弱了恢復美國漁業公平競爭的可能性。

6/10：印度、印尼、馬來西亞、墨西哥、泰國與越南等主要捕魚國與補貼國，尚未提交接受WTO漁業補貼協定的文件，這些國家合計占全球漁獲量的22%。協定生效後，將有助於確保美國漁民不再面對不永續捕魚與不公平補貼的競爭。

7/10：美國是墨西哥酪梨最大出口市場，2023年出口額達27億美元。部分墨西哥酪梨業者在非法砍伐的土地上擴大種植，威脅生物多樣性，破壞當地生態系，包括帝王蝶的森林棲息地。

8/10：秘魯對森林管理執法不力，且缺乏完善的木材溯源系統，導致大量非法木材流入全球供應鏈。估計秘魯37%的木材產量來自非法來源，其中部分木材直接或經由第三國轉運進入美國，對美國出口商造成不利影響。

9/10：厄瓜多與哥倫比亞因環保法令執行不力、腐敗盛行及非法黃金高額利潤(年收益約8億至10億美元)，使非法採金持續存在。這些非法採礦行為常與跨國犯罪組織有關，形成對美國企業的不公平競爭。

10/10：歐盟對美國龍蝦產品的暫時性關稅減免將於今年7月到期，導致美國出口商在面對加拿大免關稅競爭時充滿不確定性。若能將此關稅減免永久化，將有助於美國龍蝦在國際市場上維持公平競爭。

USTR在X上的原文如下：

1/10: Deforestation in Brazil reached a 15-year high in 2021, driven by weak environmental regulations and lax law enforcement, giving Brazilian ranchers an unfair advantage in agricultural production. In 2024, the U.S. had an agricultural trade deficit with Brazil of $7 billion. Brazil is a major competitor with the U.S. in soybeans, corn, meat, poultry, and other agricultural products.

2/10: China operates the largest fishing fleet in the world with approximately 564,000 vessels and accounts for 15% of global fish catch. China is also by far the largest subsidizer, providing an estimated $6 billion in unfair advantages annually to its fisheries sector, and its distant water fishing fleet frequently operates illegally in other countries’ coastal waters and commits significant violations of internationally recognized labor rights. American fishermen cannot compete with China’s harmful fishing practices, which flood global markets with illegal, underpriced fish.

3/10: Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing depletes overfished stocks, harms U.S. fishers’ livelihoods by distorting the true cost of seafood sold in markets, and is linked to transnational criminal organizations, drug and human trafficking, and forced labor. Global losses from IUU fishing are estimated to be tens of billions of dollars annually, with the U.S. industry bearing a significant portion of that loss.

4/10: Mexico fails to deter illegal fishing in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Gulf of America. IUU fishing disadvantages law-abiding U.S. fishermen and seafood producers by artificially depressing prices in seafood markets. Combatting IUU fishing remains a top priority for @POTUS to protect U.S. fishers and consumers.

5/10: Harmful fisheries subsidies are estimated at $22-$53 billion annually. Despite the WTO’s attempts to discipline harmful fisheries subsidies, the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies has yet to enter into force nearly three years after its negotiation. The Agreement is 15 Members shy of entry into force. WTO Members continue to press for carve-outs and exemptions in ongoing negotiations, watering down any potentially meaningful commitments that would return fairness to the U.S. fishing industry.

6/10: Some of the largest fishing nations and subsidizers, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Thailand, and Vietnam, have not presented their instruments of acceptance of the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. These countries collectively account for 22% of global fish catch. Entry into force of this Agreement will ensure our fishers don’t have to compete against unsustainable fishing practices and unfair subsidization.

7/10: The U.S. is the number one market for Mexico’s avocado exports, valued at $2.7 billion in 2023. Some Mexican avocado producers have expanded avocado production to illegally deforested lands, threatening biodiversity and disrupting local ecosystems, including the forest habitat of monarch butterflies.

8/10: Peru’s weak enforcement of its forest sector and lack of a comprehensive traceability system allows large volumes of illegal timber to enter global supply chains. An estimated 37% of timber production in Peru is of illegal origin. Some of this illegal timber reaches the U.S. directly or through transshipment via third countries with less stringent environmental protections or inadequate tracking systems, disadvantaging U.S. exporters.

9/10: The lack of enforcement of environmental laws, widespread corruption, and the high profitability of illicit gold, which produces between $800 million to $1 billion in revenue per year in Ecuador and accounts for 80% of total annual gold mining activity in Colombia, enable illegal gold mining to persist. Illegal mining, often tied to transnational criminal organizations, undercuts U.S. companies by creating unfair competition.

10/10: The EU’s temporary tariff elimination on U.S. lobster products is set to expire this July, creating uncertainty for American exporters competing with Canada’s duty-free access for the same species of lobster. Making this tariff elimination permanent would level the playing field for the same lobster caught in U.S. waters.

圖資來源：X.com